By how many percentage points did the ECB main refinancing rate increase from 2021 Q4 to 2023 Q3, and what is this increase as a multiple of the rate recorded at 2022 Q3?

Explanation

Rate at 2021 Q4: 0.0% Rate at 2023 Q3: 4.5% Increase from 2021 Q4 to 2023 Q3: 4.5 − 0.0 = 4.5 percentage points Rate at 2022 Q3: 2.0% Multiple: 4.5 ÷ 2.0 = 2.25×... so the correct pair is 4.5 pp and 2.25×. Re-examining choices — correct answer should be 4.5 pp and 2.25×; selecting choice index 0.